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Marc Beninca
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370
rtfd/public/debian/system/system.rst
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370
rtfd/public/debian/system/system.rst
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.. todo::
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* /etc/motd
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Choices
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=======
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have up-to-date mirrors available
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---------------------------------
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.. todo:: sync mirrors
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.. todo:: check mirrors
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critical base packages
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----------------------
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| locales | to get localization binaries for system messages |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| apt-utils | otherwise packages configuration gets delayed |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| dialog | to have user interaction possible with APT |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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decide the desired type of system
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---------------------------------
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* will the system run
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* 64 bits?
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* 32 bits?
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* both?
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* will the system be run by
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* a physical machine?
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* a virtual machine?
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* a container?
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* a container inside a virtual machine?
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* will the system be stored
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* read-write, as a file system on a dedicated partition?
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* read-only, as a single file loaded in RAM at boot time?
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Install required tools
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======================
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============== ========================================
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debootstrap generate a minimal base file system
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squashfs-tools archive or unarchive a file system image
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============== ========================================
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.. code:: shell
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apt install debootstrap squashfs-tools
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Create a base file hierarchy
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============================
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prepare the system's directory
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------------------------------
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* become root
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.. code:: shell
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su
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* make root directory
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.. code:: shell
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mkdir '/squashfs-root'
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generate the minimal base
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-------------------------
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.. code:: shell
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debootstrap \
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--arch 'amd64' \
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--variant 'minbase' \
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--include 'locales,apt-utils,dialog' \
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'bullseye' \
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'/squashfs-root' \
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'https://deb.debian.org/debian'
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Configure preinstalled packages
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===============================
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apt
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---
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configuration
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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* /etc/apt/apt.conf
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Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories False;
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Acquire::AllowWeakRepositories False;
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Acquire::AllowDowngradeToInsecureRepositories False;
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Acquire::Check-Valid-Until False;
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APT::Install-Recommends False;
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APT::Install-Suggests False;
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APT::Get::Show-Versions True;
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Dir::Etc::SourceParts "";
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Dpkg::Progress True;
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preferences
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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* /etc/apt/preferences
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.. todo:: preferences
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sources
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^^^^^^^
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* /etc/apt/sources.list
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::
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deb [arch=amd64] https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free
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deb [arch=amd64] https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
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deb [arch=amd64] https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
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deb [arch=amd64] https://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
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locales
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-------
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define default locale
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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* /etc/default/locale
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::
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LANG='en_US.UTF-8'
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LANGUAGE='en_US:en'
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LC_CTYPE='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_NUMERIC='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_TIME='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_COLLATE='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_MONETARY='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_MESSAGES='en_US.UTF-8'
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LC_PAPER='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_NAME='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_ADDRESS='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_TELEPHONE='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_MEASUREMENT='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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LC_IDENTIFICATION='fr_FR.UTF-8'
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define locales to generate
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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* /etc/locale.gen
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::
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en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
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fr_FR.UTF-8 UTF-8
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generate locales
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. code:: shell
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locale-gen
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[configure command shell](../bash/index.md)
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-------------------------------------------
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redefine hostname
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-----------------
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* /etc/hostname
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::
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hostname
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provide known file systems
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--------------------------
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* /etc/fstab
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RAM volume for temporary files
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::
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tmpfs /tmp tmpfs auto,mode=1777 0 0
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Install additional packages
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===========================
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switch into context
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-------------------
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.. code:: shell
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for f in 'dev' 'dev/pts' 'proc' 'sys' ; do
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mount --bind "/${f}" "/squashfs-root/${f}"
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done
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chroot '/squashfs-root'
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console-setup
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-------------
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define default keyboard layouts
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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* /etc/default/keyboard
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::
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XKBMODEL='pc105'
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XKBLAYOUT='fr,fr'
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XKBVARIANT='oss,bepo'
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XKBOPTIONS='terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp'
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BACKSPACE='guess'
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define root password
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--------------------
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.. code:: shell
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passwd
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user, guest, sudo
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-----------------
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install sudo
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useradd -s /bin/bash user
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mkdir /home/user
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chown user: /home/user
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adduser user sudo
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useradd -s /bin/bash guest
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chown guest: /home/guest
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authentications: passwords, SSH keys
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------------------------------------
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.. todo:: files
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upgrade system
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--------------
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* in any case :
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get update
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apt-get upgrade
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* if needed by backported packages :
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get dist-upgrade
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apply system type elements
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--------------------------
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================= ==================================================
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systemd-sysv sans quoi le système ne démarrera pas complètement
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linux-image-amd64 s’il ne s’agit pas d’un conteneur
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live-boot si à destination de boot live
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================= ==================================================
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install --target-release 'bullseye-backports' 'linux-image-amd64'
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install 'live-boot'
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----
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initialization settings
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-----------------------
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install --target-release 'bullseye-backports' 'systemd-sysv'
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* /etc/sysctl.conf
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Espace mémoire maximum allouable (à augmenter si hébergement de conteneurs)
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Pourcentage de RAM disponible avant utilisation de la partition d’échange
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.. code:: ini
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vm.max_map_count=1048576
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vm.swappiness=0
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install useful packages
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-----------------------
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install \
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bash-completion \
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lxc \
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less nano vim \
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pciutils usbutils \
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python3 \
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squashfs-tools
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install \
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--target-release 'bullseye-backports' \
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debootstrap
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install other packages
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----------------------
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[Choix de paquets commentés](packages.md)
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install "package1" …
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apt-get install -t stretch-backports "package1" …
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properly switch back from context
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---------------------------------
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* empty APT's cache
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get clean
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* exit the environment
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.. code:: shell
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exit
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* untie links to host system
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.. code:: shell
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for f in 'sys' 'proc' 'dev/pts' 'dev' ; do
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umount --lazy "/squashfs-root/${f}"
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done
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clean up commands history
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-------------------------
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* root/.bash_history
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Configure installed packages
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============================
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.. todo:: files
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Archive prepared file system
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||||
============================
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.. code:: shell
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mksquashfs \
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'/squashfs-root' \
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'filesystem.squashfs' \
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-noappend \
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-b '1m' \
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-comp 'zstd' \
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-Xcompression-level 22
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